1. Revolutions and Unification – Impact of the 1848 revolutions, Louis Philippe’s overthrow, German unification, and Prussian-Austrian conflicts. 2. US Civil War and European Tensions – Causes of the Civil War, economic advantages of the North, the naval race, and the role of Austria in WWI. 3. League of Nations and WWII Causes – League’s peacekeeping successes, Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia, and the Munich Conference’s role in WWII. 4. Cold War Conflicts – Korean War strategies, MacArthur’s dismissal, Soviet actions in Hungary (1956) vs. Czechoslovakia (1968), and the Berlin Wall’s effects. 5. WWI and Civilian Impact – Trench warfare challenges, battles of Verdun and the Somme, changes in women′s roles, and rationing’s effectiveness. 6. Germany and Russia (1918–41) – Hyperinflation, Stalin’s leadership victory, Nazi policies on women, and the Tsarist regime’s survival factors. 7. US Economic Shifts (1919–41) – Consumerism, women’s changing roles, criticism of the New Deal, and struggles in farming vs. traditional industries. 8. WWII and Civilian Suffering – Operation Barbarossa, Battle of Britain, Warsaw Uprising, Malayan resistance to Japan, and German bombing strategies.