1. Unification of Nations in the 19th Century – Challenges in Italian and German unification, including Cavour’s resignation, Garibaldi’s role, and the Treaty of Olmütz. 2. Tensions Leading to the World Wars – Causes of the American Civil War, the role of the Black Hand, the Alliance System, and colonial rivalry between Britain and Germany. 3. Failures of the League of Nations – The impact of the Slavery Commission, Japan’s invasion of Manchuria, and weaknesses in decision-making processes. 4. The Rise of Totalitarianism – Hitler’s foreign policy, the Nazi-Soviet Pact, the Spanish Civil War, and the policy of appeasement. 5. Cold War Conflicts and Soviet Control – The Cuban Missile Crisis, Solidarity in Poland, and factors leading to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. 6. Major Wars and Their Impact – The Schlieffen Plan, trench warfare, unrestricted U-boat warfare, the Battle of Jutland, the French Resistance, and Nazi extermination camps.