1. Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry – Calculating copper extraction yield, electrolysis of sodium chloride, and reaction rates of magnesium with acids. 2. Periodic Table and Trends – Melting and boiling points of Group 7 elements, reactivity of alkali metals, and properties of noble gases. 3. Fractional Distillation and Hydrocarbons – Crude oil separation, cracking of alkanes, and properties of different hydrocarbon fractions. 4. Environmental Chemistry and Pollution – Greenhouse gas sources, nitrogen oxides from engines, and atmospheric composition of early Earth. 5. Electrolysis and Redox Reactions – Half-equations for electrolysis, extraction of copper by displacement, and electrolysis of copper sulfate solutions. 6. Equilibrium and Reaction Conditions – Effects of temperature and pressure on equilibrium positions, Le Chatelier’s principle, and exothermic vs. endothermic reactions.