1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table: Identifying subatomic particles, electron configuration, isotopes, relative atomic mass, and periodic table trends. 2. Bonding and Chemical Reactions: Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, balancing chemical equations, reactivity series, and displacement reactions. 3. Acids, Bases, and Salts: pH scale, neutralization reactions, titration calculations, solubility of salts, and precipitation reactions. 4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, polymerization, combustion reactions, cracking of hydrocarbons, and homologous series characteristics. 5. Chemical Energetics and Equilibrium: Exothermic and endothermic reactions, bond energy calculations, enthalpy change, dynamic equilibrium, and Le Chatelier’s principle. 6. Environmental Chemistry and Industrial Processes: Electrolysis, corrosion prevention, fractional distillation of crude oil, catalytic converters, and production of nitrogen oxides.