1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Trends: Identifying atomic number, mass number, isotopes, electron configurations, periodic table classification, and properties of noble gases. 2. Bonding and Chemical Reactions: Ionic and covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, balancing equations, displacement reactions, and exothermic vs. endothermic reactions. 3. Separation Techniques and Chemical Tests: Chromatography for food dyes, testing for chloride ions, verifying purity of water, fractional distillation of crude oil, and filtration methods. 4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization: pH scale, acid-base titration, salt formation, solubility rules, reactions of acids with metals and carbonates, and identifying precipitates. 5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Cracking of alkanes, polymerization of chloroethene, addition vs. substitution reactions, environmental impact of plastics, and applications of hydrocarbons. 6. Reaction Rates and Energy Changes: Effect of catalysts, temperature, and concentration on reaction rates, enthalpy calculations, collision theory, and heat energy changes in chemical reactions.