1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Trends: Identifying atomic number, isotopes, electron configurations, noble gases, and halogen reactivity trends.

2. Chemical Bonding and Reactions: Ionic and covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, reactivity series, displacement reactions, and balancing chemical equations.

3. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization: pH scale, titration calculations, solubility of salts, precipitation reactions, and acid-base indicators.

4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Fractional distillation, alkanes and alkenes, polymerization, ester formation, and cracking of hydrocarbons.

5. Chemical Energetics and Equilibrium: Exothermic and endothermic reactions, bond energy calculations, enthalpy change, Le Chatelier’s principle, and reaction rate factors.

6. Industrial and Environmental Chemistry: Electrolysis applications, corrosion prevention, catalytic converters, nitrogen cycle, and pollution impact on ecosystems.