1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Trends: Identifying subatomic particles, electron configurations, isotopes, periodic trends, and noble gas properties. 2. Bonding and Chemical Reactions: Ionic and covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams, reactivity series, balancing equations, redox reactions, and oxidation agents. 3. Acids, Bases, and Salts: pH scale, acid-base reactions, titration calculations, solubility rules, and neutralization reactions. 4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, polymerization, ester formation, combustion reactions, and cracking of hydrocarbons. 5. Electrolysis and Industrial Chemistry: Electrolysis of solutions, ionic half-equations, metal conductivity, industrial metal extraction, corrosion prevention, and catalytic converters. 6. Chemical Energetics and Equilibrium: Exothermic vs. endothermic reactions, bond energy calculations, enthalpy changes, Le Chatelier’s principle, reaction rates, and environmental impacts of industrial processes.