1. Atomic Structure and Bonding: Atomic and mass numbers, electronic configurations, isotopes, periodic trends, ionic and covalent bonding, and dot-and-cross diagrams. 2. Chemical Reactions and Equations: Balancing equations, redox reactions, reactivity series, displacement reactions, and oxidation states. 3. Acids, Bases, and Salts: pH scale, neutralization reactions, titration calculations, solubility rules, and precipitation reactions. 4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, polymerization, combustion reactions, cracking of hydrocarbons, esterification, and carboxylic acids. 5. Electrolysis and Industrial Chemistry: Electrolysis of solutions, ionic half-equations, metal conductivity, industrial extraction of metals, corrosion prevention, and catalytic converters. 6. Chemical Energetics and Equilibrium: Exothermic vs. endothermic reactions, bond energy calculations, enthalpy changes, Le Chatelier’s principle, reaction rates, and environmental impacts of industrial processes.