1. Atomic Structure and Bonding: Atomic and mass numbers, electron configurations, isotopes, periodic trends, ionic and covalent bonding, dot-and-cross diagrams.

2. Chemical Reactions and Equations: Balancing equations, reactivity series, redox reactions, displacement reactions, collision theory, and reaction rate factors.

3. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization: pH scale, acid-base reactions, titration calculations, solubility rules, and precipitation reactions.

4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons: Alkanes, alkenes, polymerization, combustion, cracking, functional groups, esterification, and carboxylic acids.

5. Electrolysis and Industrial Chemistry: Conductivity in different states, electrolysis of solutions, ionic half-equations, metal extraction, corrosion prevention, and catalytic converters.

6. Reaction Energetics and Equilibrium: Exothermic vs. endothermic reactions, bond energy calculations, enthalpy changes, Le Chatelier’s principle, rate of reaction factors, and environmental impacts of industrial processes.