1. Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws of motion, acceleration calculations, velocity-time graphs, and momentum conservation.

2. Energy and Power: Kinetic and potential energy calculations, efficiency of energy transfer, power formulas, and work done.

3. Waves and Optics: Properties of electromagnetic waves, calculating wave speed, refraction, reflection, and total internal reflection applications.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, LED functionality, and energy transfer in electrical systems.

5. Thermal Physics and Gas Laws: Boyle’s law, pressure-volume relationships, changes in gas behavior with temperature, and specific heat capacity calculations.

6. Astrophysics and Space: Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, life cycle of stars, gravitational forces in planetary motion, and calculation of orbital speeds.