1. Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws, acceleration calculations, velocity-time graphs, momentum conservation, and effects of impact forces.

2. Energy and Work Done: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, efficiency calculations, power and work done, and energy transformations in systems.

3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, properties of waves, speed of sound measurement, Doppler effect, and redshift analysis in galaxies.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, series and parallel circuits, resistance calculations, electromagnetism, and applications of transformers.

5. Thermal Physics and Gas Laws: Specific heat capacity, Boyle’s law, pressure-volume relationships, and cooling rate investigations.

6. Astrophysics and Space: Nuclear fusion in stars, motion of galaxies, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, gravitational forces, and the life cycle of stars.