1. Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws, acceleration calculations, momentum conservation, velocity-time graphs, and stopping distances.

2. Energy and Work Done: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, power calculations, efficiency, and energy transformations in mechanical systems.

3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, wave properties, measuring the speed of sound, Doppler effect, and redshift in astronomy.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, power and energy transfer, and behavior of thermistors and LEDs.

5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism: Electromagnetic induction, motor effect, transformer applications, and induced voltage in moving conductors.

6. Radioactivity and Space Physics: Half-life calculations, nuclear decay processes, orbital mechanics, Big Bang evidence, and evolution of stars.