1. Forces and Motion: Newton’s laws, acceleration calculations, momentum conservation, velocity-time graphs, and forces in collisions.

2. Energy and Power: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, efficiency calculations, work done, power equations, and energy transfers in mechanical systems.

3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, properties of transverse and longitudinal waves, wave speed calculations, and applications of electromagnetic waves.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, power calculations, charge and voltage relationships, and electromagnetism principles.

5. Thermal Physics and Gas Laws: Specific heat capacity, Boyle’s law, pressure-volume relationships, and the effect of temperature on gas pressure.

6. Astrophysics and Space: Orbital mechanics, gravitational forces, redshift and the Big Bang theory, energy transfer in space, and nuclear fusion in stars.