1. Forces and Motion: Momentum calculations, Newton’s laws of motion, stopping distances, and impact forces in collisions. 2. Energy and Power: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, efficiency calculations, work done, and energy conservation principles. 3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, speed of sound measurements, Doppler effect, redshift, and Big Bang evidence. 4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, transformer calculations, and power equations. 5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism: Electromagnetic induction, applications of the motor effect, and transformer efficiency. 6. Astrophysics and Space: Life cycle of stars, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, orbital mechanics, and calculations involving the expansion of the universe.