1. Forces and Motion: Momentum calculations, Newton’s laws of motion, stopping distances, and impact forces in collisions.

2. Energy and Power: Kinetic and gravitational potential energy, efficiency calculations, work done, and energy conservation principles.

3. Waves and Optics: Reflection and refraction, speed of sound measurements, Doppler effect, redshift, and Big Bang evidence.

4. Electricity and Circuits: Ohm’s law, resistance in series and parallel circuits, transformer calculations, and power equations.

5. Magnetism and Electromagnetism: Electromagnetic induction, applications of the motor effect, and transformer efficiency.

6. Astrophysics and Space: Life cycle of stars, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, orbital mechanics, and calculations involving the expansion of the universe.