1. Mineral Ions and Plant Growth: Role of nitrate, phosphate, and magnesium ions in plant nutrition, uptake by root hair cells, and active transport mechanisms. 2. Climate Change and Agriculture: Impact of diet on greenhouse gas emissions, comparison of plant-based and animal-based protein sources, deforestation for cattle farming. 3. Peat Bogs and Carbon Storage: Formation and decomposition prevention, dating of peat layers, impact of deforestation and conservation strategies on carbon sequestration. 4. Malaria and Genetic Modification: Characteristics of Plasmodium as a eukaryotic parasite, genetic modification of fungi to kill mosquitoes, protein synthesis and organelle functions. 5. Genetic Disorders and Treatment: Causes of porphyria due to enzyme mutations, inheritance patterns, gene silencing using siRNA, and effects on protein translation. 6. Infectious Diseases and Immunity: Measles vaccination impact, TB and HIV co-infection effects, immune system responses, and the role of anti-viral drugs in reducing TB deaths.