1. Cell Division and Genetic Variation: Mitosis vs. meiosis, role of spindle fibers, chromatids visibility, crossing over in meiosis, and genetic diversity. 2. Lac Operon and Prokaryotic DNA: Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA, structure and function of operons, lactose regulation of gene expression. 3. Ligament Injuries and Surgery: ACL damage statistics, age-related trends in surgeries, comparison of keyhole vs. open surgery infection rates. 4. Genetic Screening and Ethical Issues: PGD vs. amniocentesis, social concerns of genetic selection, impact of cystic fibrosis on digestion. 5. DNA Replication and Pathogenic Bacteria: Meselson and Stahl’s experiment on semi-conservative replication, E. coli infections reducing blood clot formation. 6. Respiration and Muscle Fibers: Aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration in maggots, muscle fiber types in athletes, mitochondrial movement in neurons, role of ATP in impulse transmission.