1. Opportunity Cost and Market Changes: Definition of opportunity cost, market effects of price changes, and external costs and benefits in economics. 2. Supply and Demand Analysis: Market equilibrium shifts due to population changes, barriers to entry in industries, and government interventions in markets. 3. Elasticity and Cost Calculations: Price elasticity of supply, income elasticity of demand, and calculations of variable costs in production. 4. Market Structures and Economic Decisions: Monopoly, oligopoly, and competitive markets, consumer decision-making, and price elasticity over time. 5. Government Policies and Economic Impact: Minimum wage policies, taxation, fines for externalities, and the effectiveness of public vs. private sector ownership. 6. Economies of Scale and Large-Scale Projects: Internal economies of scale, cost-benefit analysis of infrastructure projects, and production possibility frontiers.