1. Mitosis and Cell Cycle Analysis – Identifying mitotic stages in root tip cells and calculating the ratio of cells in mitosis versus interphase.

2. Nutrient Absorption in Plants – Evaluating the role of nitrate and magnesium ions in plant growth and designing an experiment to measure magnesium’s effect on pea plants.

3. Hardy-Weinberg Principle and Natural Selection – Calculating allele frequencies in a hedgehog population and explaining natural selection’s role in phenotype distribution.

4. Polygenic Inheritance and Phenotypic Variation – Analyzing polygenic traits such as wheat grain color and human height, including environmental influences on genetic expression.

5. Epigenetics and Cancer Risk – Assessing how DNA methylation affects gene expression and its implications for lung cancer risk in smokers.

6. Drug Development and Clinical Trials – Explaining pre-clinical testing, double-blind trial methodology, and progression rates in drug approval processes.