1. Covalent Bonding and Molecular Shapes – Explanation of covalent bonding, lone pairs, and molecular geometry with examples such as ammonia and boron trifluoride. 2. Isotopes and Atomic Structure – Calculation of the number of subatomic particles in hydrogen isotopes and explanation of isotope differences. 3. Titration Calculations and Acid-Base Reactions – Determination of unknown concentration of potassium hydroxide using titration data and stoichiometric relationships. 4. Hydrated Salts and Water of Crystallization – Calculation of the number of water molecules in hydrated salts using experimental mass loss data. 5. Formation of Ionic Compounds and Isoelectronic Ions – Analysis of sodium fluoride formation, dot-and-cross diagrams, and ionic radius trends. 6. Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points – Discussion of hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and van der Waals forces in molecules like methane, water, and hydrogen fluoride.