1. Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration – Identification of subatomic particle properties and determination of isotopic masses from abundance data.

2. Bonding and Intermolecular Forces – Explanation of hydrogen bonding in molecules and trends in electronegativity across Group 7 elements.

3. Reaction Mechanisms and Oxidation States – Analysis of redox reactions, including oxidation number changes and disproportionation reactions.

4. Chemical Calculations and Gas Laws – Determination of molar volume using experimental gas collection data and application of the ideal gas law.

5. Ionic Compounds and Solubility – Investigation of the solubility of calcium hydroxide and the effect of ionic charge on ion size.

6. Periodic Trends and Ionisation Energy – Explanation of ionisation energy trends in Group 2 elements and factors affecting nuclear attraction.