1. Genetic Inheritance and Variation | Punnett squares for dominant and recessive alleles, Mendelian inheritance using pea plants, inheritance of blood groups, and probability of offspring gender. 2. Cell Division and Microscopy | Stages of mitosis, root tip squash technique for observing mitosis, microscope usage for clear imaging, and chromosome staining for visibility. 3. Pathogens, Disease, and Immunity | Transmission of chlamydia, trends in disease cases over time, effectiveness of vaccines in preventing infections, and antibiotic resistance in bacteria. 4. Enzymes and Digestion | Optimum pH for enzymes such as pepsin and trypsin, enzyme activity under different conditions, digestion of starch and proteins, and factors affecting enzyme efficiency. 5. Genetic Engineering and Evolution | Benefits of genetically modified crops, historical stone tools as evidence for human evolution, and the role of DNA structure in inheritance and variation. 6. Food and Energy Content | Methods for measuring energy content in food, controlling variables in food energy experiments, and enzyme activity in different parts of the digestive system.