1. Circulatory System and Blood Flow – Structure and function of veins, arteries, and capillaries; heart chambers and valves; impact of exercise on cardiac output. 2. Homeostasis and Endocrine System – Regulation of blood glucose by insulin, effects of diabetes, thermoregulation mechanisms, and the role of the hypothalamus. 3. Photosynthesis and Plant Transport – Role of stomata and guard cells, water transport via xylem, sugar transport via phloem, and adaptations for transpiration control. 4. Ecosystems and Biodiversity – Effects of human activities on ecosystems, impact of invasive species, energy transfer in food chains, and carbon cycle contributions. 5. Respiration and Metabolism – Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, cardiac output calculations, oxygen diffusion in alveoli, and energy transfer efficiency. 6. Reproductive Biology and Hormonal Control – Effects of fertility treatments, role of progesterone in menstrual cycles, hormonal contraception mechanisms, and pregnancy rates in contraceptive users.