1. Cell Biology and Microscopy | Structure and function of cell organelles, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, stages of mitosis, and preparing microscope slides for observing cell division. 2. Genetics and Evolution | Use of Punnett squares to predict inheritance, Mendel’s genetic experiments, mutation effects on genetic variation, fossil evidence supporting evolution, and comparative anatomy of homologous structures. 3. Enzymes and Digestion | Factors affecting enzyme activity, enzyme specificity, experimental investigations on enzymes, lipase activity in breaking down fats, and effects of pH on enzyme reactions. 4. Pathogens and Disease | Transmission of bacterial and viral diseases, effectiveness of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, role of vaccinations, and the immune system’s defense against infections. 5. Human Health and Lifestyle | Impact of smoking, alcohol, and obesity on health, calculation of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio, cardiovascular disease risk factors, and role of the nervous system in sensory processing. 6. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | Applications of genetic modification in medicine and agriculture, genetic engineering of bacteria to produce insulin, benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms, and ethical considerations of biotechnology.