1. Circulatory System and Blood Function – Structure and role of arteries, veins, and capillaries; oxygen transport via haemoglobin; impact of exercise on heart rate and blood pressure.
2. Homeostasis and Endocrine System – Insulin regulation of blood glucose, effects of diabetes, role of adrenaline in stress response, thermoregulation mechanisms in the human body.
3. Photosynthesis and Plant Transport – Stomata function in gas exchange, xylem and phloem in water and sugar transport, impact of light intensity on photosynthesis efficiency.
4. Ecosystems and Biodiversity – Impact of human activities on food webs, effects of invasive species, nitrogen cycle in agriculture, reforestation and conservation benefits.
5. Respiration and Metabolism – Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration, cardiac output calculations, energy transfer in respiration, oxygen diffusion in alveoli.
6. Reproductive Biology and Hormonal Control – Menstrual cycle hormonal changes, ovulation triggers, effects of contraceptive hormones, pregnancy-related hormonal adjustments.