1. Cell Structure and Microscopy | Functions of cell organelles, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, preparing microscope slides, and calculating magnification in microscopy.
2. Genetics and Evolution | Use of Punnett squares for inheritance, dominant and recessive allele interactions, impact of mutations on genetic variation, fossil evidence for evolution, and natural selection in birds.
3. Enzymes and Biological Processes | Factors affecting enzyme activity such as pH and temperature, investigation of enzyme function, digestion of starch, and methods for confirming enzyme optimum pH.
4. Pathogens, Immunity, and Disease | Transmission of viral and bacterial infections, immune system responses, importance of vaccinations, effectiveness of antibiotics, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
5. Human Health and Lifestyle | Impact of obesity, smoking, and alcohol on health, BMI and waist-to-hip ratio calculations, causes of cancer, and cell cycle stages related to DNA replication.
6. Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology | Applications of genetic modification in agriculture and medicine, genetic engineering techniques, benefits and risks of genetically modified organisms, and ethical considerations in biotechnology.