1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Electronic configuration of elements, mass number and atomic number, subatomic particle identification, and properties of Group 7 halogens.

2. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic vs endothermic reactions, heat energy transfer in dissolving processes, temperature change calculations, and reaction rate factors.

3. Bonding and Chemical Properties – Covalent and ionic bonding differences, structure of ionic compounds like sodium chloride, intermolecular forces, and chemical stability of noble gases.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH changes in acid reactions, neutralization reactions with metal oxides, identification of unknown solutions using indicators, and solubility rules.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, comparison of alkanes and alkenes, polymerization processes, and combustion reactions of hydrocarbons.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Composition of the atmosphere, greenhouse gas effects, sources of air pollution, and human impact on environmental chemistry.