1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Trends in Group 1 metals, properties of halogens in Group 7, electronic configuration of elements, and ion formation.

2. Bonding and Chemical Properties – Differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding; intermolecular forces; structure of simple molecules.

3. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic and endothermic reactions, combustion of hydrocarbons, rate of reaction factors, and activation energy.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale and indicators, reactions of acids with metals, metal oxides, and carbonates, solubility rules.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking of hydrocarbons, polymerization processes, and properties of alkanes and alkenes.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth′s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases and climate change, evolution of the atmosphere, human impact on air pollution, and sources of carbon dioxide.