1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table | Properties of subatomic particles, electron configurations, periodic trends, reactivity patterns of alkali metals and halogens, and noble gas stability. 2. Chemical Bonding and Properties | Differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, structure and properties of compounds, dot and cross diagrams, and effects of intermolecular forces. 3. Chemical Reactions and Equations | Writing and balancing chemical equations, reaction types including neutralization, combustion, and displacement, and interpretation of energy changes in reactions. 4. Acids, Bases, and pH | Understanding the pH scale, reactions of acids with metals and carbonates, titration methods, and selection of indicators for acid-base reactions. 5. Electrolysis and Metal Extraction | Electrolysis principles, electrode reactions, extraction of metals based on reactivity, reactivity series applications, and environmental benefits of metal recycling. 6. Separation Techniques and States of Matter | Chromatography, distillation, filtration, crystallization, interpretation of heating curves, and understanding energy transfers in state changes.