1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Electron configurations, trends in Group 1 alkali metals, properties of noble gases, and formation of ions.

2. Chemical Bonding and Properties – Covalent and ionic bonding, structure of ionic lattices, intermolecular forces, and physical properties of different materials.

3. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic vs. endothermic reactions, activation energy, reaction rate factors, and thermal decomposition reactions.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale and indicators, neutralization reactions, solubility of salts, acid-metal reactions, and formation of precipitates.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, combustion of hydrocarbons, polymerization of alkenes, and environmental impact of plastics.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases and climate change, evolution of the atmosphere, sources and effects of pollution, and acid rain formation.