1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table | Properties of subatomic particles, electron configurations, trends in reactivity of alkali metals, halogens, and noble gases, and the classification of elements based on their properties. 2. Chemical Bonding and Properties | Differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding, interpretation of dot and cross diagrams, and analysis of physical properties based on bonding type. 3. Chemical Reactions and Equations | Writing and balancing chemical equations, types of chemical reactions such as neutralization, combustion, and displacement, and the role of catalysts in reaction rates. 4. Acids, Bases, and pH | Understanding the pH scale, reactions of acids with metals and carbonates, titration techniques, and selecting appropriate indicators for acid-base reactions. 5. Electrolysis and Metal Extraction | Principles of electrolysis, redox reactions, applications in metal extraction, electroplating, and advantages of recycling metals. 6. Separation Techniques and States of Matter | Chromatography, distillation, filtration, crystallization, analysis of state changes, and interpreting heating and cooling curves.