1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Electron configurations, ion formation, trends in Group 1 alkali metals, and properties of noble gases.

2. Chemical Bonding and Properties – Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding differences, lattice structure, intermolecular forces, and physical properties of materials.

3. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic and endothermic reactions, activation energy, combustion of hydrocarbons, and reaction rate factors.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale and indicators, reactions of acids with metals, metal carbonates, and formation of salts.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking of alkanes, polymerization of alkenes, and combustion of fuels.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases and climate change, atmospheric evolution, sources of pollution, and acid rain effects.