1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Electron configurations, trends in alkali metals, properties of noble gases, and formation of ions.

2. Chemical Bonding and Properties – Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding differences, intermolecular forces, boiling and melting points, and structure of compounds.

3. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic and endothermic reactions, activation energy, rates of reaction, and combustion of hydrocarbons.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale and indicators, neutralization reactions, solubility of salts, acid-metal reactions, and precipitation reactions.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking of hydrocarbons, polymerization processes, and properties of alkanes and alkenes.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases and climate change, atmospheric composition evolution, sources of pollution, and acid rain effects.