1. Atomic Structure and Periodic Table – Electron configurations, trends in Group 1 and Group 7 elements, formation of ions, and properties of noble gases.

2. Chemical Bonding and Properties – Ionic, covalent, and metallic bonding differences, intermolecular forces, and the structure of compounds affecting melting and boiling points.

3. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic and endothermic reactions, activation energy, rates of reaction, and combustion processes.

4. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale and indicators, neutralization reactions, solubility of salts, acid-metal reactions, and precipitation reactions.

5. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking of hydrocarbons, polymerization processes, and properties of alkanes and alkenes.

6. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases and climate change, atmospheric composition evolution, sources of pollution, and acid rain effects.