1. Atomic Structure and Bonding – Electron configurations of elements, dot and cross diagrams, ionic vs. covalent bonding, and periodic table trends. 2. Chemical Reactions and Energy Changes – Exothermic and endothermic reactions, energy transfer in dissolving, and reaction rates affected by temperature and catalysts. 3. Acids, Bases, and Neutralization – pH scale, titration methods, reactions of acids with metals and carbonates, and solubility of salts. 4. Organic Chemistry and Hydrocarbons – Fractional distillation of crude oil, cracking of hydrocarbons, polymerization of alkenes, and combustion products. 5. Environmental Chemistry and Earth’s Atmosphere – Greenhouse gases, climate change, carbon cycle, atmospheric composition evolution, and acid rain formation. 6. Electrolysis and Conductivity – Ionic movement in electrolysis, applications of electroplating, conduction in molten and aqueous ionic compounds, and oxidation-reduction reactions.