1. Temperature measurement using thermometer properties, types of thermometer scales (Celsius, Kelvin), linearity, and fixed points 2. Electrical resistance variation with temperature, application in thermistors, and methods of temperature-dependent resistance measurement 3. Thermocouple principles, voltage generation based on temperature difference, practical uses in industry and scientific experiments 4. Thermal equilibrium concepts, heat transfer methods (conduction, convection, radiation), and interpretation of thermal energy flow 5. Latent heat definitions, phase change energy calculations, evaporation vs. boiling, and energy absorption without temperature change