1. periodic trends—ionisation energy across Period 2, nitrogen and oxygen anomalies, successive ionisation energies of nitrogen, periodicity patterns 2. bonding types—metallic bonding in Na, Mg, Al; covalent bonding in Si, P, S, Cl; melting temperature correlation to bonding and structure 3. organic mechanisms—electrophilic addition in propene, free radical substitution, structural and geometric isomerism in alkenes, alpha-ocimene hydrogenation 4. atomic structure and isotopes—electronic configurations of Cu and Cu²⁺, isotopic abundance, mass spectrometry interpretation 5. chemical calculations—moles, empirical formula, water of crystallisation in MgSO₄·xH₂O, atom economy, percentage yield, molar mass via ideal gas law 6. compound properties and reactions—polar vs non-polar molecules, ion radius and polarising power, alkane cracking, pollutant formation, reactions of copper compounds and combustion equations