1. Non-renewable energy CO2 emission fossil fuels limited supply combustion impact environmental degradation 2. Sustainability renewable energy green factories packaging reduction low-carbon economy green technology 3. Primary secondary tertiary sectors employment types raw materials industrial location energy production factors 4. Population growth food supply relationship pressure resource management demographic trends food insecurity 5. Urbanisation greenfield site infrastructure informal employment megacity social challenges counter-urbanisation 6. NGOs rural development health housing education sanitation access inequality environmental management