1. River environments, erosion landforms, drainage basin, water quality, hydrological cycle, river regimes, water shortages, flood causes

2. Coastal environments, soft vs hard engineering, coral reef ecosystems, abiotic/biotic factors, mangrove distribution, coastal deposition, coastal erosion, weathering, arch formation, development-conservation conflict

3. Hazardous environments, natural hazards, tropical cyclones, Coriolis effect, constructive plate margins, earthquake impacts, volcanic eruptions, cyclone long-term effects

4. Figure-based analysis, diagram interpretation, resource application, spatial interaction, cause-effect relationships, map-reading skills

5. Physical geography, climate impact, human-environment interaction, sustainability, vulnerability, resilience, hazard risk

6. Edexcel IGCSE 4GE1/01R, paper-based assessment, structured questions, short answers, extended writing, total 70 marks