1. Departmental select committees: scrutiny of government departments, cross-party composition, evidence gathering, publishing reports, accountability enhancement
2. Parliamentary sovereignty: legislative supremacy, no parliament can bind future parliaments, courts cannot overrule parliament, EU and devolution exceptions
3. Official Opposition: policy critique, alternative government in waiting, media visibility, use of opposition days, influence on public and parliament
4. English parliament debate: regional representation, democratic parity, cost and complexity of federalism, risks to UK unity, solution to West Lothian question
5. Parliament vs prime minister power: Lords’ scrutiny, committee influence, party loyalty, prime ministerial patronage, media pressure, backbencher revolts
6. EU single market/four freedoms: free movement of goods, services, people, capital – benefits (trade, jobs) vs costs (regulation, migration concerns, sovereignty)