1. DNA and genetics: nucleotide structure (sugar, phosphate, base), base pairing, differences between DNA and RNA, mRNA and tRNA roles, inheritance of blood groups, genotype diagrams, trisomy 21, meiosis vs mitosis.
2. Circulatory and respiratory systems: heart structure (valves, septum), blood flow, spirometry, exercise effect on heart rate and breathing, septal defect consequence, capillary function, systolic vs diastolic pressure.
3. Homeostasis and ADH: thermoregulation via vasodilation, urine volume regulation on hot vs cold days, ADH effect on collecting ducts, blood water content adjustment, calorimetry experiment for energy in food.
4. Enzymes and metabolism: enzyme activity with temperature and pH, immobilised enzymes (alginate beads), substrate conversion (sucrose to glucose/fructose), insulin production by genetically modified bacteria.
5. Nutrition and health data: BMI, energy requirement by age and sex, percentage energy difference, obesity risk, diabetes prevalence and median data, diabetes calculation from population statistics.
6. Medical biotechnology: embryonic vs adult stem cells advantages and ethics, stem cell differentiation capacity, use in regenerative medicine, risks of tumor formation, immune rejection, societal and moral concerns.