1. Eye structure and vision: lens shape control, pupil size regulation, stereoscopic depth perception, cataract causes and treatment, Vitamin A deficiency and blindness, eye function chart matching.
2. Reproduction and genetics: sperm cell structure, mitochondria for energy, meiosis ensuring haploid cells and variation, sex determination via chromosome diagram, acrosome function in fertilization.
3. Digestion and enzymes: bile production in liver, emulsification role, food tests for starch/protein/glucose, amylase in saliva producing reducing sugars, peristalsis and fibre in gut motility.
4. Disease transmission: typhoid by Salmonella, cell wall identification, magnification calculations, urban vs rural bacteria load, fly role in Helicobacter pylori spread, global typhoid distribution, antibiotic resistance mechanism.
5. Hearing and ear function: age-related high frequency hearing loss investigation, glue ear fluid interference, Eustachian tube drainage, ear’s role in balance, middle ear infections due to bacterial growth.
6. Yoghurt production and enzymes: pH changes at various temperatures, controlled variables, optimum temperature search, boiling and cooling purpose, enzyme denaturation at low pH, immobilised lactase bead benefits, villi absorption structure.
7. Genetic disorders and treatment: polycystic kidney disease from dominant allele, phenotype change due to mutation, transplant vs dialysis comparison, inheritance probability using Punnett square, organ donation statistics and reasons.