1. Tsarist autocracy collapse 1917, February Revolution, Nicholas II abdication, Provisional Government establishment, dual power with Soviets 2. Bolshevik Revolution October 1917, Lenin’s April Theses, seizure of Petrograd, Red Guard actions, overthrow of Provisional Government 3. Civil War 1918–21, Red vs White armies, foreign intervention, Bolshevik victory factors, War Communism, centralization of power 4. Role of ideology, Marxist-Leninist theory, proletarian dictatorship justification, class struggle rhetoric, anti-bourgeois stance 5. Political instability, Kornilov Affair, July Days, Kerensky weaknesses, lack of legitimacy, failure to address land reform and war continuation 6. Use of terror and repression, Cheka establishment, Red Terror, suppression of opposition, early foundations of Soviet authoritarianism