1. Isotope abundance calculation, oxidation states in complex ions, Avogadro-based atom count, titration-based molarity, ionisation energy trends, ionic compound stoichiometry

2. Ammonium carbonate reaction properties, rate–concentration graph shape for first-order reaction, partial pressure calculation in equilibrium systems, buffer pH using Ka expression, entropy change from standard entropy values

3. Hydrogen–oxygen fuel cell redox reactions and overall cell equation, identifying endothermic processes (bond enthalpy, electron affinity, formation enthalpy), temperature effects on reaction rates and collision theory

4. Ligand structure and stereoisomerism of platinum complexes, enthalpy of hydration using Hess′s law and energy cycles, average bond enthalpy concept and calculation from reaction enthalpy

5. Initial rate method, rate laws, and rate constant determination, Arrhenius equation for activation energy and pre-exponential factor via ln k vs 1/T graph

6. Equilibrium constant [removed]Kc), moles of product from initial moles and Kc, Le Chatelier’s principle applied to pressure and Kp, exothermic/endothermic direction inference via temperature–Kp relationship