1. NMR standard reference compound (TMS), IR spectroscopy functional group identification, mass spectrum fragmentation pattern analysis, delocalised benzene model evidence, number of chiral isomers, recrystallisation process steps 2. Organic mechanisms: elimination to form alkenes, substitution with NaCl and H2SO4, oxidation with acidified dichromate, esterification and polymerisation pathways, optical isomerism in amino acids, salt formation with HCl, peptide hydrolysis in NaOH 3. Electrophilic substitution of phenol vs benzene, 13C NMR application to positional isomers, SO₃ reaction with methylbenzene mechanism, rate of hydrolysis affected by halogen bond strength, nucleophilic substitution mechanism in haloalkanes 4. Haloalkane identification via precipitation mass and molar ratios, CIP priority rules in stereoisomers, tests for alkene (Br₂), aldehyde (Tollens/Fehling), carbonyl group differentiation (2,4-DNP and melting point of derivatives) 5. Synthetic routes including NaBH₄ and HCN, electrophilic addition mechanism with ICl, influence of electronegativity on product formation, aromatic carboxylic acid reactions with Na₂CO₃ and Br₂, synthesis of acyl chloride and polymer from aromatic diacid