1. Organic mechanisms: electrophilic addition, nucleophilic substitution, acylation with AlCl₃ catalyst, heterolytic fission, radical substitution propagation, curly arrow diagrams 2. Structural analysis: stereoisomerism (E/Z, chiral centers), structural vs stereoisomers, functional group identification (ester, ketone, amide, phenol, nitrile), polymer repeat units, polymer types (condensation, addition) 3. Spectroscopy and analytical techniques: ¹H and ¹³C NMR interpretation, mass spectrometry (m/z peak identification), IR spectrum analysis, Rf values in chromatography, elemental analysis for molecular formula deduction 4. Reaction synthesis planning: multi-step synthesis routes, yield-based mass calculations, esterification, hydrolysis reactions (acidic/alkaline), qualitative chemical tests (e.g., Tollens’, 2,4-DNPH) 5. Biochemistry: amino acid reactions, peptide formation, titration for molar mass, chromatographic identification using different solvents, amino acid formula calculations