1. Atomic structure and bonding: Avogadro constant interpretation, titration errors, dot-and-cross diagrams, ionic quantity calculation, melting point trends, lattice enthalpy, hydration energy cycle

2. Equilibrium and energetics: Le Chatelier’s principle (pressure/temperature/catalyst effects), entropy and Gibbs free energy (ΔG = ΔH – TΔS), Kp calculation, buffer systems and Ka use, rate constant and reaction order from graphs

3. Thermodynamics and kinetics: combustion enthalpy via formation values, Boltzmann distribution shift with temperature, activation energy from Arrhenius plot, ln(k) vs 1/T

4. Redox and electrochemistry: standard electrode potentials, cell diagram construction, cell potential calculation, redox titration, disproportionation, half-equations, reaction feasibility analysis

5. Inorganic and transition chemistry: d-block element properties, complex ions (optical and cis/trans isomerism, coordination number), halogen displacement, group 2 reactivity, transition metal qualitative analysis (e.g., precipitation with NH₃ or AgNO₃)