1. Organic and physical techniques: reflux setup labeling, vacuum filtration apparatus, boiling point comparison of structural isomers (amines), empirical/molecular formula determination, ¹³C NMR interpretation, cyclisation reactions, functional group bond angles and naming 2. Transition metals: ligand definitions, coordination number, ligand substitution mechanisms with monodentate ligands, octahedral/tetrahedral complexes, example equations and diagrams 3. Thermochemistry: combustion of propane (experimental vs theoretical), bond enthalpy calculations, ∆H corrections using ∆vapH for water, enthalpy under standard conditions, error analysis (heat loss, incomplete combustion) 4. Quantitative analysis: metal identification via back-titration, balanced redox equations, ionic equations, titration volume analysis, carbonate molar mass from CO₂ mass loss, error sources (gas solubility, reaction completion) 5. Equilibria and thermodynamics: ln Kp vs 1/T graphing, ∆H and ∆S calculation from gradient/intercept, position of equilibrium with temperature change, linking entropy and enthalpy to equilibrium constant 6. Acid-base chemistry: comparison of carboxylic vs sulfonic acids, bond angles and molecular geometry, pKa and acid strength, conjugate acid-base pair identification, sulfonic ester hydrolysis mechanism with curly arrow detail.