1. Atomic and bonding concepts: electronegativity, ionisation energy trends, molecular structure (Cl–N=O), intermolecular forces in halogens, d-block vs transition metal criteria, metallic bonding with delocalised electrons, successive ionisation evidence for group number

2. Thermodynamics and enthalpy: enthalpy of solution cycles (MgF₂), ΔH and ΔS feasibility conditions, bond enthalpy-based ΔcH calculations with vaporisation correction, experimental ΔcH vs theoretical comparison, ∆H from ln Kp graph slope

3. Redox and titrations: identification of oxidising/reducing agents via E° values, iodometric titration for Cu²⁺ percentage, titration error analysis, disproportionation of MnO₄²⁻ via E° and Le Chatelier, overall and half-cell redox equations

4. Transition metals: ligand substitution and stereoisomerism in Cr(III) complexes, percentage composition to determine molecular formula, bidentate ligand explanation, complex ion geometries

5. Equilibrium and kinetics: Le Chatelier’s principle in pressure/temperature/catalyst effects on Kp and NO₂ formation, rate-determining step mechanisms, rate concentration dependencies, Arrhenius activation energy extraction and error diagnosis