1. Organic mechanisms and stereochemistry: radical substitution, nucleophilic addition with CN⁻, E/Z and optical isomerism, SN and E1/E2 mechanisms, π- and σ-bond analysis, Markovnikov rule, Diels–Alder reactions, electrophilic substitution on benzene, stereoisomers of complexes

2. Polymer and amino acid chemistry: condensation polymerisation (amide linkage), monomer structure identification, oligomer boiling point relation to van der Waals forces, optical isomerism in amino acids (e.g. alanine and threonine), lysine salt of ibuprofen structure and solubility

3. Analytical techniques: TLC and Rf analysis, IR spectrum identification (carbonyl, hydroxyl), ¹³C and ¹H NMR interpretation (chemical shifts, splitting patterns), mass spectrometry (m/z values), elemental analysis for empirical formula, recrystallisation purification

4. Reaction synthesis and retrosynthesis: multistep pathways using NaBH₄, acid catalysis, esterification, synthetic route planning from chloromethylbenzene, salicylic acid preparation from phenol via Kolbe-Schmitt mechanism, role of OH⁻ and CO₂, tandem esterification

5. Organic acid and pharmaceutical chemistry: flowchart synthesis of valine and prenal derivatives, molar and molecular mass calculations, ibuprofen derivatisation with lysine to enhance bioavailability, buffering effect of amino acid side chains

6. Structural elucidation via test-tube and spectral data: 2,4-DNP tests, chromate oxidation (Cr₂O₇²⁻), bromine water test, analysis of unknowns (C₅H₁₀O isomers) using IR, NMR, and chemical test correlation, identification of alicyclic vs chain isomers.