1. Partial pressures and equilibrium: gas laws for CO₂/O₂ mixture, Kc calculation for PCl₅ equilibrium, electronegativity and intermolecular force analysis (CH₄, NH₃, HF), empirical formula identification via mass %, reaction of Ca₃N₂ with H₂O 2. Organic synthesis and mechanisms: lactic acid with sodium carbonate and aluminum, nucleophilic substitution mechanism for ester synthesis, Ba(OH)₂ standard solution preparation, titration of unsaturated carboxylic acid, structural deduction from molar ratios 3. Reaction kinetics and rate analysis: iodine and pent-1-ene reaction order analysis, use of concentration-time graphs, calculation of rate constant, proposed two-step mechanism (rate-determining), experimental design for determining order w\\\\.r.t. pent-1-ene 4. Redox reactions and gases: NaN₃ decomposition, mass of NaN₃ via ideal gas law, redox half-equations, Ka and pH calculation for HN₃, conjugate acid-base pair identification, Schmidt reaction with RCOOH + HN₃ → RNH₂ + N₂ + CO₂ 5. Ammonia chemistry: CuO + NH₃ → Cu(NH₃)₄²⁺ complex, gas identification via mass/volume at RTP, organic synthesis involving I (C₂H₅NO), IR spectroscopy analysis for functional group detection (amide vs amine), chloride salt formation with primary amine 6. Inorganic redox analysis: europium with dilute HCl, gas collection method for determining oxidation state, effect of temperature on gas evolution and equilibrium, alternative method via precipitate mass from hydroxide addition (Eu³⁺ vs Eu²⁺).